Drinking and Driving Essay - 1344 Words

Driving under the influence has affected many peoples lives and families. Today I would like to talk to you about the problems of drinking and driving, and why it is a concern for all of us. Driving under the influence is one of the most common and dangerous situations you can put yourself or someone else in. The fact is that drinking and driving is a huge deal and can leave a long trail of broken dreams and hearts. If you drink and drive, not only are you putting yourself at risk, but your passengers and the pedestrians outside of your vehicle. According to the most recent statistics by the National Commission Against Drunk Driving states that 17,000 Americans die each year in alcohol- related traffic crashes and 600,000 Americans†¦show more content†¦This pattern often encourages people to drink more to keep the buzz going. ( Net Biz Mentor ). When people get like that they usually get a little bolder and want to do normal tasks and routines like driving a motorize d vehicle. The effects of alcohol result in poor coordination, slurred speech, double vision, decrease of self-control, lost of consciousness and maybe even death. The legal consequences of drunk driving are also severe. The more a person drinks, the more their ability to make important decisions wear down and becomes impaired. After even just one drink a person can lose the ability to operate a vehicle. At certain parts in the state of intoxication, it becomes illegal to drive a car and if you get caught it can possible lead to fines, or even imprisonment. The legal limit of alcohol you can consume changes from state to state, but the penalty of driving under the influence is always severe. Getting arrested and maybe being forced to sleep in a drunk tank is just some of the problems you also have to carry the humiliation and the shame of being caught and that person might just end up with their name written up in the local news paper. Alcoholism is a disease and it can make you do some things you would not want to and to repeat youre past mistakes. More than one-third of drives arrested for intoxication are repeat offenders. Drivers with a prior DUI offense have a much higher likelihood to be in a fatalShow MoreRelatedDrinking, Driving And Driving2032 Words   |  9 Pages Drinking and Driving While I was researching about Drinking and Driving, I found a few articles that show the reader complete information about the risk that represent Driving under the influence of the alcohol. Those articles discuss the results of driving while being drunk. One of the results can be going to jail; however, I believe that going to jail is one of the softest consequences that an individual can have for drinking and driving. I also found a good article that shows why people areRead MoreDrinking And Driving1335 Words   |  6 Pages Drink and Driving is and Ongoing Problem Erica Esposito Kean University Abstract This paper explores the research and find results on how drinking and driving has become a big problem in the United States. Drinking and driving effects a person’s ability to operate a vehicle and therefore drunk drivers need to be educated on the repercussions with drinking and driving. Every day drunk drivers are arrested, either for traffic violations, reckless driving, and random stops on theRead MoreDrinking And Driving801 Words   |  4 PagesWe have all had some kind of knowledge or even personal experience with the effects of drinking and driving, whether it is watching a report on the news, having friends or family being involved as a victim or offender, to even being a victim or offender yourself. The aftermath of drinking and driving, even if only a few drinks were consumed, is a tragedy for all persons involved. The current rational of just having a few drinks is that consuming only a little alcohol means that the person isn’t intoxicatedRead MoreDrinking and Driving886 Words   |  4 PagesEveryone is drinking and having a good time. Your are going to leave and go home, but you friends wont let you because they know the dangers of driving after having a few drinks. Instead they ca ll a cab to give you a ride home. You would be extremely lucky to have such smart friends. Drunk driving is a very serious problem in our society today, but it is becomming socially unacceptable causing the numbers of alcohol related traffic fatalites t o decline considerably. Drunk driving can be veryRead MoreDrinking And Driving1180 Words   |  5 PagesDrinking and driving is not always a right thing. When people drink and drive the action of it could get extremely dangerous. Wrecks are one of the main problems that can happen when some people are drunk because some can lose control of what they are trying to do and end up wrecking. Another problem is driving under the influence of being on drugs. This can cause serious damage. When people are on drugs, they lose train of thought and half of the time, they forget what they are doing. It does notRead MoreDrinking and Driving2157 Words   |  9 Pagesanti-drinking and driving advertisements on university-aged students. â€Å"Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death among 16 to 25 year olds, and alcohol and/or drugs are a factor in 55% of those crashes† (Madd, 2013). Increasing the effectiveness of anti-drinking and driving advertisements could be a solution to this critically high m ortality rate in young people. The main purpose of this study is to better understand the effect of positive and negative anti-drinking and driving advertisementsRead MoreTeen Drinking And Driving921 Words   |  4 Pages*date* Teen drinking and driving Drinking and driving is one of the biggest social issues for teens across the United States. Getting behind the wheel of a vehicle after consuming alcohol is a very dangerous thing no matter what age you are. However, teens do not think about the consequences of drinking and driving until it is already too late. Many things contribute to this growing problem of teen drinking and driving. First, there is a lack of education about drinking and driving in schools todayRead MoreDrinking And Driving Is Dangerous1690 Words   |  7 PagesDrinking and Driving is Very Deadly It is very disappointing to see people drinking and driving these days. Have you ever known someone who was injured or have you lost someone so close to you and the cause of his or her death was drinking and driving? It is tragic to see the families who suffer because of injury or the loss of their loved ones because of alcohol. More and more accidents are occurring because of drinking and driving. These accidents often result in injuries and/or death. ForRead MoreThe Problem Of Drinking And Driving1608 Words   |  7 PagesI am only going to focus on one major one. Drinking and driving, the percentage of teens in high school who drink and drive has decreased by more than half since 1991 (â€Å"Teen Drinking and Driving†). One in ten high schoolers drink and drive (â€Å"Teen Drinking and Driving†). Young drivers (ages 16-20) are 17 times more likely to die in a crash when they have a blood alcohol concentration of .08% than when they have not been drinking ( "Teen Drinking and Driving†). Adults and teenagers think it okay to stillRead MoreDrinking and Driving Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Every single injury and death caused by drunk driving is totally preventable† says David J. Hanson, a drunken driving activist. Drinking and driving is a serious crime in all fifty states. The rules and laws may vary among the states. In Illinois, it is illegal to operate a motor vehicle with a blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) or .08 percent or more. A driver also can be convicted of DUI with a BAC of more than .05 if additional evidence is present (DUI Laws par. 1). According to the Nation Highway

Legal Issues Of Affirmative Action - 1528 Words

Student affairs and higher education professionals must be familiar with legal obligations in regards to their diversity efforts policies in order to be fully compliant and successful in their endeavors. Legal Issues Pertaining to Diversity in Higher Education Today When addressing legal issues of diversity in the modern day era, one main topic is brought to discussion, affirmative action. It was put into place by the federal government in the 1960’s and was initially developed to close the gap in relation to the privileged majority and the unprivileged minority in America (Aguirre Jr. Martinez, 2003). While it has been controversial since its origin, it remains controversial as critics argue it tries to equalize the impact of so many†¦show more content†¦ Martinez, 2003). The Supreme Court ruled that the University of California was wrong in the way they approached a special admissions program that was open only to minority applicants (Aguirre Jr. Martinez, 2003). The ruling argued that the special admissions program violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment (Aguirre Jr. Martinez, 2003). Justice Lewis Powell, Jr. stated in his opinion on the Bakke case that quotas â€Å"would hinder rather than further attainment of genuine diversity† (Aguirre Jr. Martinez, 2003, p. 141). Justice Powell, Jr. also wrote that race is only one part of many factors that an institution can consider in truly achieving a heterogeneous student population (Aguirre Jr. Martinez, 2003). By siding with Bakke in this case, the Supreme Court essentially outlawed the use of racial quotas in admissions processes in higher education, yet universities took this as it is okay to use race as a selective factor as long as there are no quotas (Aguirre Jr. Martinez, 2003). There are two recent lawsuits from 2003 that brought to the forefront college admissions using race; these include Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger (Bowman, 2013). Both cases involve the University of Michigan. In Grutter v. Bollinger, the court sided with the university stating that their admissions office can continue to use race-based initiatives in fostering an education benefit to the students (Bowman, 2013).

Should Smoking be banned in all public places Free Essays

Smoking came to Britain Should in the 1600’s but only started to become fashionable in the nineteen sixties and seventies. The main attraction to smoking came from the idolisation of pop-stars and supermodels that smoked, but did not know the risks. Today we do know the risks, so why do so many still smoke? One reason is that many people who smoke started when they were young teenagers, when they did not understand the risks associated. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Smoking be banned in all public places? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Instead, their only aim was to have the right ‘look’. Others may have been driven through the desire to appear older. Teenagers may also have started to smoke due to the influence of peer pressure. Statistically, not many people begin smoking at a later age. Usually the reason behind starting to smoke as an adult is due to work related pressure or simply stress. Statistically, there is a greater percentage of women smoke than men this is due to using smoking as a slimming aid. Hundreds of people die from smoke related diseases each year. Deaths caused by smoking are six times higher than the 20,170 deaths arising from: road accidents (3,444); poisoning and overdose (2,663); other accidental deaths (8,986); murder and manslaughter (503); suicide (4,379); and HIV infection (195) in the UK during 1998.World-wide, about 4 million die prematurely each year as a result of smoking. Smoking has more than 50 ways of making life a misery through illness and more than 20 ways of killing you. In general, smokers endure poorer health than non-smokers. It has been estimated that, in England, 284,000 patients are admitted to NHS hospitals each year due to disease caused by smoking, occupying an average of 9,500 hospital beds every day. In addition, smoking related illness accounts for 8 million consultations with GPs and over 7 million prescriptions each year. The most common cause of death through smoking is lung cancer; this is when tar builds up within the lungs stopping them from functioning properly. So why should non-smokers inhale this fatal smoke? It is said in one year passive smoking was found to be linked to more than 1,000 deaths in London from coronary heart disease. Passive smoking is the inhaling of smoke from other smokers. Roy Castle is an example of someone who died from passive smoke. He died of lung cancer through the inhaling of smoke whilst playing his trumpet in a nightclub, yet he never smoked himself. From hearing this information of passive smoking, should smoking be banned in public places? The government in Singapore has already made that decision. Smoking in Singapore is banned in all public places; smokers are forced to use especially built rooms with huge extractor fans to stop the smoke getting out. This is quite extreme; however Singapore is clearly helping others stay healthy. My personal feeling is that smoking shouldn’t be banned from all places, but I do feel there should be designated areas for smokers and non-smokers. I believe that non-smokers have the right to sit in a non-smoking area to avoid inhaling smoke of others, they should not have to put up with the smell or health risk smoking contains. Currently, one debate focuses on smoking in the work place. Many companies are eradicating smoking in their offices and also some are choosing non-smokers over qualified smoking candidates. Also companies are considering to force their smoking employees pay for additional health insurance. I agree with this as companies should not pay the costs of someone’s habit, as smokers are fully aware of the cost of their habit both health wise and financially, they should pay the cost not others. Looking from a smoker’s perspective, the following points should be taken into consideration. A public ban on smoking is a removal of choice in an age that seeks to empower the individual. Smokers are not purposely trying to make non-smoker’s lives a misery, many smoke outside for the convenience of those who do not want to inhale the smoke fumes. Restaurants, public-transport facilities and shopping centres are predominantly smoke free. There are only a handful of areas in which people are free to smoke, including bars and nightclubs. One may also look at car fumes as being a similar problem to smoking fumes. Cars produce harmful Carbon Monoxide fumes which are consumed by individuals rather than the driver of the car. In the same sense should cars be banned from public places because they also produce harmful fumes? This point can also be said of alcohol and factory fumes, both of these either are harmful to the environment or someone’s health. Bearing in mind that smoking is an addiction, it is important not to isolate smokers. People who smoke shouldn’t be made to feel like social outcasts, so provision should be made to cater for them. No pocket of society should be excluded; this could be paralleled to the Jews in Germany. In other continents for example Spain, smoking in public places is not frowned upon. There are no restrictions on where you can and cannot smoke. This shows that smoking in public places has already been dealt with in this country to an extent that smokers are seldomley annoying the non-smoking public. Restrictions in the U.K already seem extreme in comparison to other countries and if restrictions become any worse, we might be excluding tourists as well as British smokers to our society. Some people only smoke socially on weekends, it de-stresses people and is a stimulant which encourages conversation (where alcohol is a depressant). If there is a ban on smoking in all public places, pubs and nightclubs would lose most of their profit. People would not want to go out if they were not able to smoke socially. Passive smoking is inconclusive evidence; we can not prove that inhaling others smoke is in fact harmful. So passive smoking might not cause all non-smokers health problems. In conclusion I don’t think smoking should be banned in all public places, as that would exclude smokers in our society; however I do believe more designated smoking areas should be introduced especially in pubs and nightclubs. In today’s society were acceptance and compromise are two key principles, exclusion of any sub group would seem to go against the grain of social thinking. How to cite Should Smoking be banned in all public places?, Papers

Social Justice In Essay Example For Students

Social Justice In Essay â€Å"Social Justice in Education† by R. W. Connell discusses the role of education in society and the implications that social justice issues have on education. Connell begins by establishing that education and social justice can be examined separately yet they are inescapably linked through the social medium of their implementation. â€Å"Education concerns schools, colleges and universities, whose business is to pass knowledge on to the next generation. Social justice is about income, employment, pensions or physical assets like housing. (Connell, 1993) Three points validating the equal importance of social justice and the education system to people of all delineations are: 1. ) in Western society public schools are key forums of social interaction and comprise some of the largest social institutions 2. ) educational institutions are highly economic bodies and have become â€Å"major public assets† (Connell, 1993) 3. ) teaching becomes a vehicle by which society is ultimately determined and has a great influence over society’s morality. We will write a custom essay on Social Justice In specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Connell describes the meaning of justice in education as being â€Å"a question of fairness in distribution†¦ equality. †(Connell, 1993) â€Å"Justice cannot be achieved by distributing the same†¦ standard good to†¦ all social classes. †(Connell, 1993) By stating this, Connell summarizes that in the attempt to achieve equality, unequal means must be employed. The implications for teaching presented by Connell’s article are immense. The concept of equality in education and the equality of access to education are matters that are determined by the social constructs of the society in which we live. The notion of equality in education means that educators must approach all material and subject matter with a premise of unbiased predetermination. Music, math, science, fine arts, English, Japanese, history, etc†¦ must all be considered on a par. Our current educational system does not treat all subjects as equal in our public education system. The stereotypical reading, writing and arithmetic (primary subjects) take precedence over the fine arts and like subjects (secondary subjects). Social justice criteria as presented in this article, establish that economic variables are a means of determination for favouritism within the educational institution. Where the primary subjects receive ensured funding, the secondary subjects receive funding when deemed viable. This creates inequality at the very base of the institution itself. The result is degradation to all facets of the educational system. â€Å"The moral quality of education is inevitably affected by the moral character of educational institutions. If the school system is dealing unjustly†¦ The quality of education for all†¦ is degraded. † (Connell, 1993) I sometimes wonder why administrators and educators, the facilitators of education, cannot realize the reasons behind the success and failures of our education system. I have often heard educators and scholars refer to the greatness of the Renaissance and Romantic eras in world history and their frustrations due to the loss of the benefits of those times. The secondary subjects during those times of grandeur were not secondary, but they were primary and equal subjects to all others; therefore, the benefits of equalization of subjects importance is essential in achieving those past benefits as well as a highly developed society. Connell presents an intriguing argument and concludes with several ideas. â€Å"Individual equality is the condition, not the goal, of a just social order. †(Connell, 1993) Education which favours is a â€Å"corrupt education† (Connell, 1993) and â€Å"social justice is†¦ fundamental to what good education is about. † (Connell, 1993) Finally Connell states that good means different things to different people and â€Å"justice cannot be achieved by distributing the same†¦ standard good to†¦ all social classes. † (Connell, 1993)

Radical Rights Groups

How do current radical right groups such as sovereign citizens threaten the legitimate federal authority in the United States? In the United States, a radical right group is a term used to assign common depiction to each extreme side of the political spectrum (Johnson 46). Radical right groups comprise of a number of fanatic movements that support nationalistic leanings. These groups can be classified into supremacist movements, militia movements, sovereign citizens’ movements, and various single-issue movements (Johnson 46).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Radical Rights Groups specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Among these groups, sovereign citizens are the most active. The groups, together with other right groups in the United States threaten the legitimate federal authority in a number of ways. As such, these groups champion for secession. They want to fight for the removal of their states from the Unite d States. These groups argue that state separation is a constitutional right that the federal government should respect. Based on these motives, it is apparent that these extremist groups are after undermining the legitimate federal authority of the US. Similarly, sovereign citizens have always insisted that the US federal government is illegitimate. Therefore, they have always tried to reinstate an idealized and an inconspicuous government that has never been in existence in the US. To date, these groups wage confrontations against the federal government and similar related authorities by use of paper terrorism, pestering, threat tactics, and infrequently resorting to aggression (Johnson 47). In addition, sovereign citizens assert that the county is the legitimate seat of command in the US. Their ideology is supported by the fact that county administration is nearer to the citizens than the federal government. Why does the FBI classify this group as domestic terrorists? According t o the FBI, domestic terrorism group is a faction that satisfies the below characteristics (Johnson 47). The first attribute is that a group must be planning dangerous acts against fellow humans contrary to the national or state law. Second attribute is that a group must seem to be intentionally threatening civilians, undermining the policy of a government through threats, and have an effect on the behavior of a government by mass obliteration, murdering or abducting. Lastly, for a group to be considered a domestic terrorist it acts must occur inside the territorial jurisdiction of the United States and be carried out by its citizens. Sovereign citizens are categorized as internal terrorists because they exhibit the above characteristics. For instance, ever since the fall of the Posse the group has witnessed a momentous increase in numbers of its acts.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These acts comprise of attempts of aggression frequently against the legislative body of the government. During the year 1993, radical escapees Linda Lyon Block and George Sibley, who were the members of the group, assassinated a police officer in Alabama (Hamm 217). In mid 1990s, a gang of radicals linked with the extremists battered Karen Mathews at her residence. Similarly, in the year 1998 two members belonging to the group fired their guns at two firefighters in Ohio. They attacked the firefighters because the two servicepersons’ vehicle had blocked their way. At irregular intervals, the group members have engaged themselves in high-profile confrontation with the authorities. In spite of aggressive activity, the favored weapon of this group is referred to as paper terrorism. Paper terrorism utilizes the use of fake legal credentials and filings. Similarly, paper terrorism employs the misuse of lawful credentials and filings. These acts are undertaken to threaten, annoy, and pressurize public officials, police officers, and the public (Johnson 46). Works Cited Hamm, Mark S.. Terrorism as crime: from Oklahoma City to Al-Qaeda and beyond. New York: New York University Press, 2007. Print. Johnson, Daryl. Right wing resurgence: how a domestic terrorist threat is being ignored. Lanham: Rowman Littlefield Publishers, 2012. Print. This essay on Radical Rights Groups was written and submitted by user Jane Roth to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How does the self-concept theory relate to a consumers decision to purchase Rogaine Essays

How does the self-concept theory relate to a consumers decision to purchase Rogaine Essays How does the self-concept theory relate to a consumers decision to purchase Rogaine Essay How does the self-concept theory relate to a consumers decision to purchase Rogaine Essay Essay Topic: Marketing Self- concept has become a popular in recent years to investigating possible relationships between how individuals perceive themselves and what behaviour they exhibit as consumer. An advantage of studying consumer behaviour using the theory of self-concept is that consumers provide descriptions of them selves as apposed to having descriptions made by outside observations. (1) People perceived that bald people as somehow different from full-haired people. Once I started losing my hair, I worry it will bring negative effect to my outward appearance. It may caused me lose the confidence and strength. I am worrying people will make fun on me because I am hair loss person. I know that a persons appearance is important, society will pay close attention to my appearance. According to research study, age 21, undergraduate female will shy away from the balding men. It notices me; others do not accept me. No one will like to be balding person. Rogaine can help me regain my confidence. I need a hair-growth drug. Rogaine is in my choice set and satisfy me if it is workable. I will buy Rogaine to test. Consumers self-perceptions can have a strong influence on their behaviour in the marketplace. For example: the way an individual perceives various products could be affected by the image he has of himself. Actual self the perception of oneself as one believes she actually is. Ideal self may be defined as the perception of oneself as one would ideally like to be. Social self the perception of one self as one believes others actually perceive him to be. The ideal social self the perception of ones image as he would like others to have of him. (2) In this case, to the balding person, there are greatly difference between actual-self and idea self. They need hair-growth drug in the idea self. Balding person likes to be full haired person, if they can. Especially women, they cant accept the fact loss hair. In conducting personal interviews with women, Dr.Roper learned that they feel compelled to do something about baldness because bald women simply cannot manage in society as men can. Rogaine has turned to difference consumer segment: women; more concern their outward appearance than men. Rogaine marketers provide ads targeting women included a toll free phone number and the offer of free information kit. In most people opinion, a beautiful woman should not have hair loss problem. I will also shy away from the balding women. Women need Rogaine to perceive as ideal self. Consumers appear to hold images of various products and these images can be viewed as symbols that communicate meaning about those who purchase them. Therefore, an area of considerable practical interest is the degree to which a consumer might actually prefer certain products or brands because she perceives their images as consistent with her view of herself, what she would like to be, or some other aspect of self concept. (3) As the consumer, I will buy the product like Rogaine I may perceive a close match with my ideal self. The theory would still predict that the consumer could have a strong preference for this brand because of the degree of congruity existing between the brand image and what she aspires to become. Also, the degree of congruence to both the actual and ideal self may join to exert a combined influence on consumers attraction toward a brand. The ideal self- concept appears to be a motivating force behind the design of advertisements. (4) Through the advertisement, balding person can know what is the result after using Rogaine. This brand is effectively linked to a full- hair model that many hair loss person might aspire to look like. The research must first identify the most important image attributes to measure and then develop semantic scales for these attributes. Consumers are must asked to reveal the dimension of their self-concept under investigation by marking the scales in order to most appropriately describe them. A second set of scales is used to measure the same consumers perceptions of brand images. If numbers are assigned to each response option on the semantic scales, it is then possible to determine the numerical distance between consumers and their brand images. (5) Discuss the core value that might motivate a consumer to try Rogaine. Rogaine is a product that is a prescription drug intended to restore hair growth. The producer produces this product according to the people who are suffering hair loss and made he/she return to full-haired people. From this article, we can know that some of those men agree a person looks better with full head of hair. This is a fact and we must accept it. The purpose to launch this product is due to today task of difference people wants because today people are facing hair loss problem and also people are concern to health and good looking due to this reason. This means Rogaine produce a prescription to the people who are suffer hair loss. This company want to solve the hair loss problem that is facing by a people. So the hair losss people can go back to his/her full-haired life. So, he/she will become more and more confidence and strength compare to his/her baldness. The producer can motivate the consumer thought Maslows Hierarchy of Motivation, and Freuds Theory of Motivation. From the Maslows Hierarchy of Motivation, it has five hierarchy needs. They are physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self-actualisation needs. The first need is Physiological needs. Physiological needs are the basic needs by individual such as food, drink, shelter, sexual satisfaction, and other physical requirement. (6) But in this case, Physiological needs are the people need for the prescription drug intended to restore hair growth. This means the people who suffer hair loss need for the prescription to treatment his/her hair. The second need is Safety needs. Safety needs are a persons needs for the security and protection from physical and emotional harm, as well as assurance that physical needs will continue to be met. (7) According to this case, safety needs for the prescription to protect his/her image and without any side effect. This means this product is very safe to use because it has not any side effect can affect peoples health. Therefore, the people can reassurance when he/she uses this product. The third need is social needs. Social needs are a persons needs for affection, belongingness, acceptance, and friendship. (8) Reference from this article, we can know that in a study analysing consumers reaction to the balding process. The study result indicated the average undergraduate female who aged 21 will shy away from the balding men. This means the man almost has a full head of hair. So, the Rogaine try to use this way to target the male consumer to attract him to purchase it new product. After they use the Rogaine, their loss hair will become a full head of hair slowly. This will cause he is easy to make friend. The fourth need is esteem needs. Esteem needs is a persons needs for internal factors such as self-respect, autonomy, and achievement, and external factors such as status, recognition, and attention. (9) Based on this article, we can say this Rogaines product can let a hair loss people become more confidence and strength. So, the people who are loss hair can become more smarter though Rogaine. The Rogaine can lead to a people change his/her attitude toward the task. So, the Rogaine is very successful in this sector. The final need is self-actualisation needs. Self-actualisation needs are a persons needs to become what he or she is capable of becoming. (10) After the esteem needs are solve the higher needs is need to solve. This is the term to settle self-actualisation needs. From this article, it tells us if a person is looks better with a full of hair. This means we can treatment our loss hair with Rogaine. Consequently, we have a full head of hair and then can perform our task with the best. This mean the loss hair can cause a person feeling of diminishing confidence and strength. So the treatment of the loss hair is very important. Beside that, the producer of the Rogaine has also use Freuds Theory of Motivational. Freud assumed that people are largely not conscious of the real psychological forces shaping their behaviour. He saw the person as growing up and repressing many urges. These urges are never eliminated or under perfect control; they emerge in dreams, in slips of the tongue, in neurotic and obsessive behaviour; or ultimately in psychoses. Thus, Freud suggests that a person does not fully understand his or her motivation. (11) If a person tries to buys the Rogaine because of he/she is facing the loss hair problem. At a deeper level, he/she buy the Rogaine may be because he/she feel his/her hair is not attractive. After use Rogaine, he/she is become more confidence and strength. At a still deeper level, he/she purchase for the Rogaine because of the Rogaine is very hot and famous. He/she can use it to satisfy his/her problem. On the other hand, Rogaines marketing team used such insights to guide development of advertising that would effectively reach the customer while staying within the FDAs strict regulatory guidelines. Initial marketing efforts targeted at doctors, nurses and pharmacists sought to introduce them to Rogaine. From using this plan can let the people become more awareness to the Rogaine. By the way, Advertising targeted at customers followers, with the objectives of informing consumers that those concerned about hair loss could contact physicians who prescribe the drug. The ads also included a toll-free phone number. This means the producer of the Rogaine want the consumers ask for more information and detail of the Rogaine. Beside that, the Rogaine marketers decided to adopt a more aggressive marketing strategy, recognizing the need for a more direct appeal to consumer. With approval, they included the Rogaine name in commercials and urged men to ask their physicians to prescribe it. From this strategy we can clearly to know that the Rogaine marketers motivate consumer try to purchase their product. They also developed a video that featured doctors giving technical information; the video also showed men who tried Rogaine with varying degrees of success. So the consumer can easy to understanding to use for the Rogaine. Under this condition, this will increase the consumer confidence to purchase the Rogaine. According to the article, Pharmacia and Upjohn also experimented with rebates. A patient could real result from TV choose between a certificate worth $10 towards a first bottle of Rogaine or $20 fro sending in the box tops from the first four emptied bottles. The marketers give the promotion to consumer and motivate consumers to buy more and more. Discuss the manner in which Rogaine marketers moved consumers though the steps in the consumer decision process. Buying Decision Process shows a stage model. The consumer passes through five stages: problem recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchases decision, and postpurchase behaviour. Clearly the buying process starts long before the actual purchase and has consequences long after the purchase. (12) At the first stage, consumers recognize that the Rogaine may solve a problem of unfulfilled desire. They need some effective drug to satisfy themselves. The consumers sense a difference between his or her actual condition and desired condition. Their needs become a drive to purchase the Rogaine. Rogaine is given a way to consumers to solve their hair loss problem. Rogaine is a hair-growth product approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in US. From in-depth personal interviews, Dr. Roper learned that hair loss gave men a general feeling of diminishing confidence and strength. On the other hand, society seems to pay close attention to a persons appearance. Based on the research, it shows that a tendency among the average undergraduate female, age 21, to shy away from the balding men. I believe that some of those men will agree a person looks better with a full head of hair. Balding men recognize their problem and needs when they realize that repurchase is needed. Rogaine is their choice. Rogaine may improve their outward appearance in a manner not tried before. Under the condition, consumers hesitate to try Rogaine. The second stage, an aroused consumer will be inclined to search for more information and listing the alternatives that will solve the problem of hair loss. There are a lot of brands have the same function compared to Rogaine. Why consumer will aware the existence of Rogaine. Initial marketing efforts targeted at doctors, nurses and pharmacists sought to introduce them to Rogaine. Advertising targeted at consumers followed, with the objective of informing consumers that those concerned about hair loss could contact a physician who could prescribe the drug. The ads also included a toll-free phone number. This soft-sell approach established good consumer awareness, but it produced disappointing results, perhaps because most men needed a stronger inducement to get them to a doctors office. They are successful used such insights to guide development of advertising that would effectively reach the consumer while staying within the FDAs strict regulatory guidelines. It provides sources of information to consumers. When consumers simply becomes more receptive to information about hair grow drug, they pay attention to ads, drug purchased by friends and conversation about hair grow drug. In this condition, with the advertising the consumers will notice the Rogaine. Through gathering information, the consumer learns about competing brands and label. Consumers will make the final choice from the choice set. Therefore Rogaine must strategize to get its brand into the prospects choice set. Otherwise it loses its opportunity to sell to the customer. After second stage, Rogaine marketers decided to adopt a more aggressive marketing strategy, recognizing the need for a more direct appeal to consumers. They began targeting hair stylists and barbers by offering handling fees to shops that displayed Rogaine. With FDA approval, they included the Rogaine name in commercials and urged men to ask their physicians to prescribe it. It give assurances that the drug is effective in hair grow. Consumer will trust the product. They believe that it is safety to use and product in good quality. They also developed a video that featured doctors giving technical information; the video also showed men who tried Rogaine with varying degrees of success. Pharmacia and Upjohn created a Dermatology Division to focus on relationship marketing through coordinated ads and public relations messages. Through the video, they show the result after using the drug. It brings the good news to them. The consumers only consider few factors to buying the product: quality, safety, price and effectiveness. Consumer will chose the best one to meet their needs. Rogaine had showed the effectiveness through the video. Product also approved by FDA. Obviously, Rogaine can satisfy the customer. The company is likely to develop a set of brand beliefs. The brand beliefs make up the brand image. Rogaine try to change buyers beliefs about was competitive brands stand on different attributes. Purchase decision stage, after choosing the best alternative, a consumer is ready for the purchase act. Three considerations remain: place of purchase, terms, and availability. (13) However, two factors can intervene between the purchase intention and the purchase decision. The first factor is attitudes of others. If the intensity of the other persons negative attitude toward the consumers preferred alternative and the consumers motivation to comply with the other persons wishes. The converse is also true: a buyers preference for a brand will increase if complex when several people close to the buyer hold contradictory opinions and the buyer would like to please them all. (14) If Rogaine give the bad image to consumer then lost the opportunity to sell product. With the good public relations, product will accept by consumer easier. The company also involved in event marketing to build its database, followed by direct marketing and telemarketing. Rogaine has received FDA approval to se ll over the counter. This change will bring the new challenge to Rogaine marketers. Last stage is postpurchase behaviour. After purchasing the product, the consumer will experience some level of satisfaction or dissatisfaction. The consumer will also engage in postpurchase actions and product uses of interest to the marketer. The marketers job does not end when the product is bought but continues into the postpurchase period. (15) Pharmacia and Upjohn experimented with rebates. A patient could choose between a certificate worth $10 toward a first bottle of Rogaine or $20 for sending in the box tops from the first four emptied bottles. If the customer is satisfied with this, it may exhibit a higher probability of purchasing the product again. The satisfied customer will also tend to say good things about the brand to others. The feeling of satisfaction makes a difference in whether the customer buys the product again and talks favourably or unfavourably about the product to others. General speaking, Rogaine is successful in the advertisement. It attracts more customers to try product. Marketer said that the best advertisement is a satisfied customer.

The Immensity Of The Collision Between Cultures Essay

The Immensity Of The Collision Between Cultures - Essay Example The sages say that the past is not really real, that it is just all in the mind, thoughts, that have no reality in and of itself. From experience, I can say that I am more a product of my choices and my own personal history rather than my cultural heritage. I have always been my own person, distinct from another, in the same way, that even my closest friends are different from me, and defined by their own choices, even though we grew up together and share many things in common. Growing up, there was no question that I can be my own person and that I can even make decisions on who to befriend and what I did with my free time, within limits. I was even free to choose what I wanted to study and what career I would pursue. My tastes in clothes and in music have always been my own. Even my choice of friends is something that was, is up to me. All of these are encapsulated in my present, and my present circumstances alone shape all of these choices and decisions, unhampered by any past or cultural tradition or heritage. This seems so contrary to what Kingston’s family in China, and the young unmarried people in their community, were used to. Their restriction and bowing to tradition seemed to be the norm, and going against the dictates of the community meant becoming ostracized and forgotten. Yet in another sense, we human beings need some kind of grounding in the past. If there is no past then a man in a way is also a kind of ungrounded animal with no social dimension at all. The past roots us to social history, and cultural history as well. In this social aspect and cultural aspect of our lives, we relate to others, and others relate to us, in the categories that they also define themselves in. In the context of American society, this is clear.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL ETHICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ARCHAEOLOGICAL ETHICS - Essay Example However, they were unable to identify where the American Indians came from. Later, many scientists described them as the lost tribes of Israel based on their traditional values, similar cultural ethics and languages. However, the new discovery of remains of Kennewick man opened many new discussions in this regard. Controversy of Kennewick Man Kennewick man case came up with many disputes among the people of different origins and classes. First, controversy is the legal controversy that was played in the courts and congress about the possession of the remains. Second was the dispute of emotional attachment to the theories of evolution versus intelligent design. In 1996, Washington was under the management of U.S Army Corps of Engineers (COE) who found a skeleton near the banks of the Columbian River. They asked an anthropologist, James Chatter to examine the skeleton. James Chatter considered it to be related to Caucasian people who lived in the Caucasian region and had more flat face s. Later, an ultraviolet examination of the bones made it one of the oldest complete set of remains found in the America. It was found to be 9000 years old. In 1996, Umatilla filed a case to return the remains to them and get it buried under The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) that Corps of Engineers (COE) accepted. Later in the year 1996, eight scientists sued the CEO and Department of Interior saying that remains of Kennewick does not fulfill the demands of NAGPRA. It is neither related biologically nor culturally to any of the modern Indian tribe. They asked for the possession of the remains for scientific research purpose. On the basis of Chatter’s claim that Kennewick has Caucasian background, Asatru Folk which was a religious group from Northern California claimed that the Kennewick should be handed over to him as he shares the ancestors with him. The controversy continued for the possession of Kennewick man and in 1997 a United States Re presentative, Richard Hasting introduced a bill in the assembly to make amendments in NAGPRA that would allow the study of remains of Kennewick man and will help to solve the issue. After a long struggle, in 1999 some federal scientists were able to study Kennewick Man and they found that it belongs to Asian people rather than the tribes of America claiming its remains. They also claimed that DNA test should be done to prove this claim that was opposed by the tribes saying that for scientists ‘race’ is a social construct and is unable to be determined biologically. Also, biological affiliation is not necessary as per NAGPRA rule and it concentrates more on the affiliation of cultural affiliation. Origin of the People in the America When it comes to origin of the people in America, the major fight is between two groups of two very different schools of thought. First, who belief the creation of humans is by the God. Second those who strongly belief in the â€Å"theory of Evolution†. Both sides, proponents of evolution and those who reject it on the basis of religious belief, have emotional sentiments over this issue. Theory of evolution says that humans are the descendents of a tiny cell of primordial protoplasm washed up on an ocean beach about thirty two billion years ago. Those who reject the theory of evolution are of the view that if it is purely by chance then there is no point of existence of God.

Drug Abuse Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Drug Abuse - Research Paper Example However you will notice that the knowledge gained from observation and the propositions collected by doing general research, were used to support the facts drawn from qualitative analysis. The main source of information was the Internet. This is because the Internet is the richest source of information and it is easily accessible. The Internet, as a source of information, is also cheap, reliable and time-saving. The major disadvantage of using the Internet is that information collected over the Internet can be inaccurate. This is because everybody in the world has the permission to upload whatever information they have. This information is mostly not well researched hence it is based on assumptions. This problem of inaccurate information can be corrected by using more than two sources over the Internet and lucky for you, this is what the author did so as to prepare this report for you. Various web pages, which have been cited in the report, were used to collect the information and yo u can have a look at them to build on your curiosity and to expand your knowledge about drug abuse. ALTERNATIVES Alternative methods of information gathering included; observation, carrying out interviews, administering questionnaires, experimental analysis, general survey and sample survey OBSERVATION This is a primary method of data collection that would involve the author going to the field, meeting drug users and drug addicts, then drawing information from what would see. The field here implies schools, cities, home area, campus, offices, homes, wherever the author can find a group of people to study. Observation does not involve asking questions or interacting with the people. It is simply being a quite onlooker of what goes on in the people of interest; in this case they are the drug users and abusers. The author would have to follow those people everywhere they went so that he could see what drugs they took, how often and how the drugs affected them immediately they took them , later in the day and the long-term effects. A substitute method would be to monitor the people under research using CCTV cameras. If the author would have chosen observation, he could also have hired people to follow the drug users and collect the relevant information. This observation project would take months or even years to study many people, to be able to see the log-term effects and to come up with a factual, comprehensive report. Apart from time being the major disadvantage, observation would be extremely costly. The author would have to use money to follow the people under study wherever they went. He would need money to pay the people he hired and also pay for their transport when following the drug users. He would also need money for the CCTV cameras, if he would have chosen to use them. Observation is also extremely tiring because following somebody or people for days and months, and watching them closely for twenty four hours every day is exhausting. One can even lose focus of the client in the process of following them. Another limitation of observation is that people would easily agree to being followed! Even if they agreed, drug-addicts turn violent when they are under influence of drugs. This makes observation a very risky method because the author could be attacked by the person he is studying when the

Critical Analysis Of Research Design And Data Collection Management Essay

Critical Analysis Of Research Design And Data Collection Management Essay The purpose of this assignment is to offer a critical analysis of the underpinning assumptions and research design and data collection strategies and the practice of academic research. Two research papers are chosen for the purpose of this analysis. The first paper is a quantitative study and the second paper is a qualitative study. They are as follows:- Shafer, W. E., Fukukawa, K. and Lee, G. M. (2007) Values and the perceived importance of ethics and social responsibility: The U.S. versus China, Journal of Business Ethics, 70 (3), pp. 265-284. Tsoi, J. (2007) Stakeholders perceptions and future scenarios to improve corporate social responsibility in Hong Kong and Mainland China, Journal of Business Ethics, pp. 1-14. The main reason for selecting these two papers is that they both report upon the area of corporate social responsibility, which is the focus of my PhD. Within the field of corporate social responsibility (CSR), there has been considerable research discussing the relationship between values and perception with the attitude/behaviour of businesses towards CSR. These values are considered quantifiable and thus have been measured quantitatively using scales developed by authors such as Forsyth (1980), Singhapakdi et al. (1996), and Vitell and Patwardhan (2008). Interviews have been used to bring forward the values that are deemed important by stakeholders, and were explored qualitatively by Fukukawa and Teramoto (2009), Siltaoja (2006), and Là ¤hdesmà ¤ki and Siltaoja (2009). The two papers selected both looked at cross-cultural values and perceptions, however, they utilise different methods of investigation. This difference could provide a good basis for comparison, in terms of philosophical assumptions, research design, and the method of data collection. The analyses will begin for each paper with an introduction of the research aims, followed by the epistemological and ontological position, the research design, followed by analysis of its research methodology, the alternative research design and lastly, conclusions from this discussion will be provided. Review of Quantitative Research paper 2.1 Research Objectives This study by Shafer, Fukukawa and Lee (2007) examined the values and the perceived importance of ethics and social responsibility on managers from China and the U.S. The authors used scales instruments to obtain quantitative data in order to make inferences on whether the managers nationality and personal values have effect on their ethical perception. The American and Chinese managers are assumed to differ in their personal values and subsequently this should be reflected from their responses to the Perceived Role of Ethics and Social Responsibility (PRESOR) scale. The authors provided the relevant background information and built up the reasoning for their hypotheses. The first hypothesis was that managers from China would believe less strongly than American managers in the importance of ethically and socially responsible conduct to achieve organisational success. The second hypothesis was that both American and Chinese managers personal values are believed to have significant impact on the responses to the scale. These hypotheses seem to correlate strongly with the research objectives which are to determine that there is variation in response due to cultural differences. 2.2 Epistemological and Ontological Assumptions It is likely that the authors based their research on moral philosophy which refers in particular to the principles of rules that people use to decide what is right or wrong (Ferrell, Fraedrich and Ferrell, 2005:19). This paper seems to indicate that the principles of rules of managers of different cultures are likely to differ and thus ethical decision-making would vary. The authors provided examples of other empirical research to support this notion. The assumption that personal values can influence ethical decisions shows that the research is likely to infer an ontological assumption of realist, whereby reality is seen to have an existence independent of the activities of the human observer (Blaikie, 2007:13). As the research strives to compare values and perceptions, these elements are thought to be measurable and quantifiable; seemingly leaning towards the empiricism position in which the key idea is that knowledge comes from observing the world (Blaikie, 2007:19). The authors e mployed deductive research whereby the hypotheses formed are tested to determine if the statements can be supported (Sekaran, 2003:31), which is a typical research approach of empiricists. Taking possibly the stance of positivists, these values are assumed measureable, and are thus thought to form the social reality that these values affect the perception of corporate social responsibility amongst the managers from these two countries. 2.3 Research Design The intention is to establish the differences in personal values, by using large quantities of data, which would be representative of the overall population of American and Chinese managers. This suggests that there are two assumptions, that values are measureable and that it is possible to generalise the population from the sample. In order to generalise, a considerably large amount of data is required, thus a survey research instrument was employed. The PRESOR scale developed by Singhapakdi et al. (1995) was used. The reasons that the PRESOR scale was chosen over the cultural dimensions formed by Hofstede (2001) were argued; examples of the latter in other research were shown to be inconsistent and inconclusive in its directional impact, thus making theoretical predictions difficult. The use of PRESOR scale in other research was exemplified and seemed to have established the reliability of its measurement. The PRESOR scale was explained further in the introduction of the paper. Thirteen out of sixteen original items were selected and the authors justified this by stating that only these thirteen items had significant factor loadings in the Singhapakdi, Scott and Franke (1999:25) study. These items were grouped into two categories; the Stockholder and the Stakeholder views. The Stakeholder View reflects the importance of ethics and social responsibility to organisational survival and success, whilst the Stockholder view indicates that organisational success depends on more than just profitability and obligations to the stockholders (Axinn et al., 2004:104) In the methodology section, the Schwartz value instrument and a demographic questionnaire were mentioned as being used together with the PRESOR scale. There was little mention of the reasons the Schwartz scale was used and how it was applied. It was only later in the appendix that the items considered in the Schwartz scale was provided in details. A clearer explanation could have improved the clarity of the paper. The research design employed the use of two research instruments (PRESOR scale and Schwartz value instrument) as means for data collection. The sample of practising managers from the two different countries was given the same survey to complete, thus the responses could be compared on that basis. The results from the analyses were then compared against the hypotheses formed, affirming or not affirming the hypotheses. This process is typical of the deductive approach (Blaikie, 2007:70). 2.4 Data Collection The sample consisted of 311 practising managers, enrolled part time in selective MBA programmes in the U.S. and China. The participation was voluntary and the scales were completed as an in-class exercise. The authors acknowledged potential problems from this sample selection. The first is that, although the MBA programmes in these two countries appear to be comparable, the sample may have confounded the effects of national differences and MBA programme differences. Secondly, the sample was not randomly selected as the authors had asked their students to complete the scales in-class. The authors did not provide further justification for these two problems and thus this is believed to have weakened the external validity of this investigation (Bryman and Bell, 2007:204). Aside from this comment from the authors, there was very little mention of the validity of the measurement which makes it difficult to make further discussion on this. The basis of their selectivity and the criteria in which these programmes were said to be comparable, were also not provided in details. The details of its comparability may have helped clarify and strengthen the validity of the selection criteria, as well as making the paper more understandable. Considering the objectives of the research, in which the authors seem to be looking at making generalisations on the affect of personal values, there is a need to collect large quantities of data. The survey method seems to be appropriate as surveys are easy to distribute to large number of people and costs can be kept to a minimum (Bryman and Bell, 2007:195). This relates to external validity, which is about generalisability of results beyond the focal study (Easterby-Smith et al., 2008:87). In this paper, external validity was not discussed; however, it is likely that the results are meant to be applicable for the context of China and the U.S. only. The authors stated the limitation of which the participants can not be assumed as representative of the broader populations of managers in these two countries, due to the fact that the MBA programmes were selective in nature. The research took consideration of the possibility that the age and experience differences of their sample might affect the results, and thus these factors were examined for significance. The scale was translated to Mandarin Chinese and later back-translated with resolution of discrepancies, to take account of the language difference. These examples seem to reflect on the effort of the authors in ensuring that the results are not significantly affected by other variables. In order to test the dimensionality of the PRESOR scale, a principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation and Kaiser normalisation was applied. This is typical of a quantitative study where factor analysis is usually applied as part of the research design. In terms of research replication, this research had provided considerable amount of information which would possibly allow other researchers to perform similar research. The items from the two views (Stockholder and Stakeholder) of the PRESOR scale were provided in details. In addition, the authors also mentioned the calculation method used, such as the use of mean values and the Univariate Analysis of Covariance models (ANCOVA). The only exception would probably be the PRESOR scale itself, whereby the questions that were asked and the choice answers were not explicitly given, which might mean that future researchers might find it difficult to replicate the research and might even have to approach the authors or Singhapakdi who developed the scale. 2.5 Alternative Method The authors mentioned that more in-depth examination using qualitative design of investigation such as interviews would perhaps be more revealing. It is agreed that qualitative measure would allow insights into the importance of ethics to managers, and the various ethical issues that managers prioritise. The researchers are more likely to obtain a richer data of the decision-making process of managers, at the same time; they would be able to achieve the research objectives. The researchers can make use of semi-structured type interview which will allow better control of what questions need to be asked, and to ensure that the objectives of the interview are achieved as well (Bryman and Bell, 2007:474), if time and costs are constraints. There are also other alternatives methods to obtain qualitative data that would have fit this research, such as the use of focus groups. Focus group interviews allow researchers to observe the behaviour of the American and Chinese managers as they interact with each other. It would be possible to see the differences in reaction to ethical issues much more clearly, when these managers are given, for example, the same ethical dilemma, and they are required to rationalise the problem and come up with solutions. This method might be more useful than questionnaire surveys, particularly in that the values of the American and Chinese managers could be brought out through the way they respond and react to ethical problems, the problem-rationalisation process, and the degree of attention paid on a particular problem. Similar to the interview method, this would be considerably more costly to conduct, and it might even be more costly than doing interviews, however, the researchers would gain no t only in achieving the research objectives but they would also attain a better understanding of the effects of personal values in ethical decision-making. However, if the goal was only to establish that perception of CSR differs between diverse cultures, the research design would have fit the purpose. This is because the data collection strategy used (questionnaire survey), allowed the authors to obtain considerably response for generalisation. A questionnaire survey would also have been more cost-efficient and less time consuming, especially for cross-cultural studies. Review of Qualitative Research paper 3.1 Research Objectives In this second paper, this qualitative study aims to make apparent the perceptions and views of the future scenarios from stakeholders within the garment industry in Hong Kong and Mainland China. The underlying intention was to seek consensus and common ground, on a local and regional level to help companies develop an appropriate CSR strategy, to improve the state of corporate social responsibility and in the long run, to achieve sustainability in the region. The main objective was stated as by engaging with major stakeholders, to identify the local and regional supply chain stakeholders perceptions and expectations (Tsoi, 2007:1). Typical of a qualitative study, generalisation is often not the objective of the study (Bryman and Bell, 2007:410). This is apparent from this study as the author had mentioned that the sample may not be sufficient for generalisation for the entire garment industry, however, it is relevant to garment businesses involved in export-orientated activities (Tsoi, 2007:1). Tsoi (2007) used an inductive approach to identify the perceptions of stakeholders by conducting interviews. 3.2 Epistemological and Ontological Assumptions Although the author did not indicate the philosophical assumptions behind this study, the author implied that by identifying the stakeholders perception, the findings would help in building consensus, strengthening the implementation, and establishing future CSR framework. This suggests that the author has an ontological position of constructionism, which asserts that social phenomena and their meanings are continually being accomplished by social actors, implying that there exists social interaction and that there is a constant state of revision of the social phenomena (Bryman and Bell, 2007:23). In this case study, the social reality of what is happening in the garment industry, in terms of its corporate social responsibility, is a social reality that was formed by the stakeholders. It suggests that the social phenomena (condition of CSR) can undergo changes, and that it is dependent on the activities of the social actors. The views of the social actors are thought to be indicative of the important issues in corporate social responsibility, within the garment industry. This form of research is consistent with the research paradigm of the interpretivist position, as the basis of the research is that the study of the phenomena requires an understanding of the social world that social actors have constructed and which they reproduced through their continuing activities (Blaikie, 2007:124). In this instance, the stakeholders are the social actors who will continually interpret and reinterpreting their social world which can be the garment industry. The social phenomenon that the author is investigating is the current state and the future of the corporate social responsibility in Hong Kong and Mainland China. The future conception of CSR in these two places is related to phenomenology, whereby, it concerns with the question of how individuals make sense of the world around them (Bryman and Bell, 2007:18). In this case, it can be viewed as the way stakeholders make sense of the state of corporate responsibility in the region. 3.3 Research Design The author relied on a qualitative method, specifically, the face-to-face semi-structured interview, which indicates the leanings of the author in conducting a naturalistic inquiry in real-world rather than experimental or manipulated settings (Ritchie and Lewis, 2003:4). For qualitative studies, semi-structured and unstructured interviews are commonly used as they provide rich, detailed answers and taps into the interviewees point of view (Bryman and Bell, 2007:474). As the focal source of data was the stakeholders themselves in this study, this seems to infer that the research design is based on the interpretivist view that the social phenomena can only be understood and be investigated from the inside (Blaikie, 2007:125). The author identified major stakeholders possibly with stakeholder theory, stating the assumption that multinationals see stakeholder consultation and management as an important communication tool in identifying and interpreting the needs of salient stakeholders and as such would enable the development of a common language for CSR and subsequently the development of proactive CSR strategies. This correlates with the stakeholder approach of Wheeler et al. (2003:19) who stated that value creation at the highest level requires an ability to build value-based networks where all stakeholders see merit in their association with and support for a business. In this instance, it is likely that the stakeholders were deemed to be important in the future direction of CSR in the region, and this was the reason that stakeholders were chosen as source of data. The author mentioned that these interviews conducted in 2004 and 2005 may no longer be relevant, since there were major developments in 2008. This might have made the interviews slightly outdated however; there should not be many changes to the overall aims of the stakeholders and thus the outcomes of this research would remain valid. However, as an alternative, the author could have applied longitudinal design which represents a distinct form of research design than is typically used to map change in business and management research (Bryman and Bell, 2007:60). The longitudinal design would not only serve the purpose of this study, but it would also allow insights into the factors that cause change to the perception. With this sample, it is possible to use cohort study, whereby the cohort is made up of people who share a certain characteristics (Bryman and Bell, 2007:61), since the stakeholders have a stake in the garment industry. However, longitudinal research may require a lot mor e preparation, could be time-consuming and thus it could be more costly. 3.4 Data Collection With regards to the methodology, the interview questions that were used for this research was not provided. As this was a semi-structured interview, it would have been useful if the author had provided general information on how the questions were formed, and the structure of the interview questions as this would provide an indication of the depth of the interviews, and hence the validity of the research design. For the sample, 25 representatives from academia, the business organisations, the non-government organisations, trade association, and government officials were identified. The response rate was 84%, in which 21 out of a total of 25 representatives of these organisations agreed to be interviewed. It was mentioned that the reason for such a high response rate, was that the author had contacted the interviewees on a one-to-one basis. Furthermore, the interviewees were also guaranteed anonymity. The sample, thus, appears to be extensive and is representative of the various stakeholders that are vital in the garment industry. 3.5 Alternative Method The intention was that the findings would help in building consensus, strengthening the implementation and establishing the future CSR framework (Tsoi, 2007:1). The author might have meant that having collected all the different views from these stakeholders, the author would be able to determine the consensus of how CSR should be developed and how CSR should be like in the future. However, it is doubtful that a consensus could have been obtained using this method of analysis. The interviewees, although were representative of the garment industry, each one a vital stakeholder, there was no real interaction between these stakeholders, and thus, the consensus that is meant is only based on the researchers understanding from the interviewees responses. Stakeholders are thought to be able to reach a better compromise through discourse, with different sides arguing for the validity of their point as well as ensuring that the interests of the group or association that they represent are ta ken account of (Bryman and Bell, 2007:511). While it is understandable, that there is a strong possibility that it could be costly to get all the interviewees to sit together through a discourse, nevertheless there are alternatives which might be more useful for the purpose of this investigation, given that the objective is to reach a consensus amongst the stakeholders. With this reasoning, the research design could improve by firstly conveying the findings of the interviews to all of the stakeholders interviewed, and follow up with another interview to see if there were changes to their views. Alternatively, the author could use the method of focus group interviews. With this method, Merton et al. (1956) (in Bryman and Bell, 2007:511) stated that the accent is upon interaction within the group and the joint construction of meaning. Focus group interviews could provide a platform for the interviewees to interact and to establish a joint construction of what it means to strengthen CSR and also determine what future scenarios should and could be like. With regards to selecting a suitable size for the focus group, it is recommended by Bryman and Bell (2007:517) that the typical group size should be six to ten members, whilst Sekaran (2003:220) recommends a size of eight to twelve members. The reason that the focus group interview method was recommended was that the interviewees would be encouraged to express their opinions argumentatively, which would then allow the researcher to gauge the degree of importance of certain issues and how much flexibility the interviewees might h ave to reach a compromise with others. There are of course possible pitfalls using the focus group method, in that some interviewees might be dominant over others, and thus the opinions of those less dominant might not be heard, but these effects can be reduced to a minimum level by having a good moderator (in Bryman and Bell, 2007:511). The one-to-one interview method could still be more advantageous compared with the focus group interview, as the time and monetary costs of conducting a one-to-one interview would probably be considerably less and thus be more manageable especially if there was only one researcher, as was with this case study. In this case study, it seemed that a quantitative design would actually be difficult to apply, and it would also be inappropriate for an investigation on the perception of CSR as a business concern. Taking the example of using a questionnaire survey with closed-ended questions, it is very likely that the respondents would answer that they are very concerned about CSR, as that might be perceived as the correct response, thus creating social desirability bias to the results. Furthermore, with a questionnaire survey, the researcher would not be able to pin-point all the various future scenarios for CSR in Hong Kong and Mainland China, even if it was possible, the list of future scenarios might be too long to be practically manageable. Another issue would be that in making assumptions of the future scenarios that are deemed significant to the stakeholders, it would be problematic as the researcher might risk missing out relevant information. Therefore, it would be difficult, from these r easons, that a quantitative design would not be suitable for such a case study. Conclusions In summary, the two papers reflect significant differences in their research approach. This was seen through the objectives of the research, the underlying assumptions of the research philosophy and the conceptualisation of research design and the data collection. There is certainly much to learn from these two research papers, both had given valuable information on the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods, as well as offer guidance on the selection of research method and how to go about utilising these methods. The research designs, as shown in these papers, are dependent of the research objectives and the designs are also influenced by the epistemological and ontological assumptions made. Even though the philosophical positions of the researchers were not made explicit, however, the likely positions can be assumed. These papers have also shown that the advantages and the disadvantages of the different methods of investigation, and they need to be considered to e nsure that the best method is chosen for the purpose of the research. In these two papers, the method of investigation is distinct, one was a qualitative study and the other was a quantitative study, however, this does not necessarily mean that a mixed method of investigation can not be used. In fact, (Bryman and Bell, 2007:646) suggested that triangulation can be applied, in which the results of an investigation employing a method associated with one research strategy are cross-checked against the results of using a method associated with the other research strategy. Bibliography Axinn, C. N., Blair, M. E., Heorhiadi, A. and Thach, S. V. (2004) Comparing ethical ideologies across cultures, Journal of Business Ethics, 54 (2), pp. 103-119. Blaikie, N. (2007) Approaches to social enquiry: advancing knowledge. Polity Pr. Bryman, A. and Bell, E. (2007) Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Easterby-Smith, M., Thorpe, R., Jackson, P. and Easterby-Smith, M. (2008) Management research. 3rd edn. London: Sage. Ferrell, O., Fraedrich, J. and Ferrell, L. (2005) Business ethics: Ethical decision making and cases, Boston: MA, . Forsyth, D. R. (1980) A taxonomy of ethical ideologies, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39 (1), pp. 175-184. Fukukawa, K. and Teramoto, Y. (2009) Understanding japanese CSR: The reflections of managers in the field of global operations, Journal of Business Ethics, 85 pp. 133-146. Hofstede, G. (2001) Cultures consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. Sage Pubns. Là ¤hdesmà ¤ki, M. and Siltaoja, M. (2009) Towards a variety of Meanings-Multiple representations of reputation in the small business context, British Journal of Management, 9999 (9999), pp. 1-16. Ritchie, J. and Lewis, J. (2003) Qualitative research practice : a guide for social science students and researchers. London: Sage Publications. Sekaran, U. (2003) Research methods for business : a skill-building approach. 4th edn. New York: Wiley. Shafer, W. E., Fukukawa, K. and Lee, G. M. (2007) Values and the perceived importance of ethics and social responsibility: The U.S. versus china, Journal of Business Ethics, 70 (3), pp. 265-284. Siltaoja, M. E. (2006) Value priorities as combining core factors between CSR and reputation-a qualitative study, Journal of Business Ethics, 68 (1), pp. 91-111. Singhapakdi, A., Kraft, K. L., Vitell, S. J. and Rallapalli, K. C. (1995) The perceived importance of ethics and social responsibility on organizational effectiveness: A survey of marketers, Academy of Marketing Science.Journal, 23 (1), pp. 49-56. Singhapakdi, A., Vitell, S. J. and Franke, G. R. (1999) Antecedents, consequences, and mediating effects of perceived moral intensity and personal moral philosophies, Academy of Marketing Science.Journal, 27 (1), pp. 19-36. Singhapakdi, A., Vitell, S. J., Rallapalli, K. C. and Kraft, K. L. (1996) The perceived role of ethics and social responsibility: A scale development, Journal of Business Ethics, 15 (11), pp. 1131-1140. Tsoi, J. (2007) Stakeholders perceptions and future scenarios to improve corporate social responsibility in hong kong and mainland china, Journal of Business Ethics, pp. 1-14. Vitell, S. and Patwardhan, A. (2008) The role of moral intensity and moral philosophy in ethical decision making: A cross-cultural comparison of china and the european union, Business Ethics, 17 (2), pp. 196-209. Wheeler, D., Colbert, B. and Freeman, R. E. (2003) Focusing on value: Reconciling corporate social responsibility, sustainability and a stakeholder approach in a network world, Journal of General Management, 28 (3), pp. 1.

Katherine Patterson’s Bridge to Terabithia Essay -- Bridge Terabithia

Katherine Patterson’s Bridge to Terabithia All children can relate in someway to Katherine Patterson’s Newberry Medal-winning children’s novel, Bridge to Terabithia. The characters are realistic people who could be one’s next door neighbors. From the shy and demure Jess to the vivacious and carefree Leslie, every kid can relate to one of the characters in this novel. The themes in this novel vary as much as the characters. Bridge to Terabithia is a good coming-of-age book that captures our imaginations and our hearts. Bridge to Terabithia is a story about a lonely boy, Jess Aarons, who grows up in a house where he is the only boy surrounded by four sisters and his mother. His father is there but always gone either working or looking for work. His greatest hope is to become the fastest runner in the fifth grade. All summer long he practices running but on the first day of school, he gets beat by the new girl, Leslie Burke. At first, she repels him. However, they soon become inseparable. Leslie and Jess are complete opposites. Jess is scared of a lot but Leslie is fearless. Leslie has imagination and inspiration and Jess envies that. Leslie’s family has money and gets along. Jess’ family is always scraping by and nearly dysfunctional. But nonetheless, they become best friends. In the woods, they create Terabithia, their own secret kingdom where they rule together. Leslie and Terabithia change Jess. He becomes a stronger person, less afraid of the world. But one cruel mor ning, tragedy strikes and Leslie dies. Jess must come to grips with her death and the world. Except now he has to do it alone. Symbolism is a literary element that stands out most in this novel. Patterson uses symbolism so well in this story. The title itself symbolizes Leslie. In chapter seven, Jess’ thoughts bring this symbol to light. â€Å"Jess tried going to Terabithia alone, but it was no good. It needed Leslie to make the magic. He was afraid he would destroy everything by trying to force the magic on his own, when it was plain that the magic was reluctant to come for him.†(65) We see this a second time in chapter eleven. The only way to enter Terabithia was to swing from the hanging rope, which was their bridge. Leslie died because the rope broke, causing her to fall and hit her head before landing in the stream, causing her to drown. The bro... ...r and the schoolyard bullies, and he realizes that he doesn’t need Leslie to protect him anymore and he does not need to take refuge in Terabithia because he can face his obstacles. â€Å"He thought about it all day, how before Leslie came, he had been a nothing-a stupid†¦It was Leslie who had taken him from the cow pasture into Terabithia and turned him into a king. Now it occurred to him that perhaps Terabithia was like a castle where you came to be knighted. After you stayed awhile and grew strong you had to move on.† (126) In the end, Jess builds a bridge to Terabithia and takes May Belle there and he becomes to May Belle who Leslie was for him. Jess does not need Leslie to enter Terabithia because although Leslie is gone, Terabithia will remain and live on with May Belle. There are a lot of children out there like Jess who are alone and scared and they just need to find their own Terabithia to give them courage to face the antagonists of their world. That is why Bridge to Terabithia is an excellent book for young readers. It gives them hope that they can face their world too. Works Cited: Patterson, Katherine. Bridge to Terabithia. New York. Harper Trophy. 1977.